基于DEM的延河流域水文特征提取与分析

基于DEM数据,依据地表径流漫流模拟算法,使用ArcGIS软件中的水文分析工具,提取与分析延河流域河网特征及相关信息,并与1∶25万地形图数字化水系进行分析比较。结果表明:集水面积阈值是决定河网提取精度的关键参数,阈值越大,提取河网越稀疏,反之则提取河网越密集;随着集水面积阈值的增大,河源数和河网密度、河流的级数、总河长等随之减少,但主河长变化不大;当阈值为5.51 km2时,提取河网与实际较吻合。因此,基于90m分辨率的DEM数据提取延河流域水系和子流域是切实可行的,可以作为数字流域建设与水资源管理的基础数据。     

Simulating the vegetation-producing process in small watersheds in the Loess Plateau of China

Small watersheds are the basic composition unit of the Loess Plateau in China. An accurate estimation of vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) is of great significance for eco-benefit evaluation in small watershed management in this region. Here we describe the development and testing of a vegetation-producing process model (VPP) of a small watershed in the Loess Plateau. The model couples three modules: radiation adjustment; soil hydrological processes; and vegetation carbon assimilation. Model validation indicates that the VPP model can be used to estimate the NPP of small watersheds in the region. With the VPP model, we estimated the spatial NPP distributions in the Yangou watershed for 2007. The results show that in the Yangou watershed the NPP is relatively low, averaging 168 g C/(m 2 ·a). Trees and shrubs have a higher NPP than crops and grasses. The NPP is larger on the partly shaded and shaded slopes than on the partly sunny and sunny slopes. The NPP on the slopes increases gradually on 0-20° slopes and decreases slightly on slopes steeper than 20°. Our simulation indicates that the vegetation type is the most important factor in determining the NPP distribution in small watersheds in the Loess Plateau.     

无站条件下BP神经网络年径流量预测模型研究

针对无监测站的河流断面的径流量预测难的问题,选取了有针对性的影响因子,采用人工神经网络的BP改进算法—自适应调节学习速率算法,以Matlab神经网络工具箱为工具,以辽河干流铁岭站为假想对象,建立了无站条件下年径流量预测模型,模型训练48次误差达到要求,以2004～2006年3年实测资料作为检验样本进行仿真,验证模型的精度。仿真结果表明:3年预测结果全部满足要求,说明该模型可用于河流任一断面年径流量的预测。     

GIS在分布式水文模型中的应用——以北京雁栖河流域为例

在GIS支持下,由北京雁栖河流域数字高程模型DEM自动生成子流域单元,每个子流域单元的降雨径流过程利用一个水箱模型来模拟,该水箱模型用一个两参数的非线性分布函数来模拟上土壤层的蓄水容量空间分布特征,计算每个子流域单元TOPMODEL模型地形指数ln(a/tanβ)的空间累积分布曲线,并对其作无量纲化处理,通过地形指数ln(a/tanβ)的空间累积分布曲线的无量纲化曲线的最佳曲线拟合确定每个子流域单元土壤蓄水容量空间变异性参数,这使得模型中的土壤蓄水容量空间变异性参数成为一个有确定物理意义的参数,也使得所建立的模型更加具有物理基础。结果表明:无论从模型的率定期还是从模型的验证期来看,模型计算的径流与实测的日径流过程线都呈现出很好的一致性和吻合性,这说明本文建立的模型对雁栖河流域的日径流量的分布式模拟是有效的。     

Relation between Soil Health, Wave-like Fluctuations in Microbial Populations, and Soil-borne Plant Disease Management

A healthy soil is often defined as a stable soil system with high levels of biological diversity and activity, internal nutrient cycling, and resilience to disturbance. This implies that microbial fluctuations after a disturbance would dampen more quickly in a healthy than in a chronically damaged and biologically impoverished soil. Soil could be disturbed by various processes, for example addition of a nutrient source, tillage, or drying-rewetting. As a result of any disturbance, the numbers of heterotrophic bacteria and of individual species start to oscillate, both in time and space. The oscillations appear as moving waves along the path of a moving nutrient source such as a root tip. The phase and period for different trophic groups and species of bacteria may be shifted indicating that succession occurs. DGGE, Biolog and FAME analysis of subsequent populations in oscillation have confirmed that there is a cyclic succession in microbial communities. Microbial diversity oscillates in opposite direction from oscillations in microbial populations. In a healthy soil, the amplitudes of these oscillations will be small, but the background levels of microbial diversity and activity are high, so that soil-borne diseases will face more competitors and antagonists. However, soil-borne pathogens and antagonists alike will fluctuate in time and space as a result of growing plant roots and other disturbances, and the periods and phases of the oscillations may vary. As a consequence, biological control by members of a single trophic group or species may never be complete, as pathogens will encounter varying populations of the biocontrol agent on the root surface. A mixture of different trophic groups may provide more complete biological control because peaks of different trophic groups occur at subsequent locations along a root. Alternatively, regular addition of soil organic matter may increase background levels of microbial activity, increase nutrient cycling, lower the concentrations of easily available nutrient sources, increase microbial diversity, and enhance natural disease suppression.     

塔里木河流域生态环境恶化的水文效应

塔里木河是我国最大的内陆河。 4条源流出山口多年平均天然径流量 2 2 4 .9× 10 8m3 (195 7～ 2 0 0 1年 )。在全球变暖的大背景下 ,塔里木河流域山区气候出现变暖增湿的趋势 ,2 0世纪 90年代径流量达 2 4 1.9× 10 8m3 ,增幅 7.6 %。由于源流区人类开发利用水资源的影响 ,使得补给塔里木河干流的水量不断减少 ,水文条件改变 ,造成干流上、中游段耗水严重 ,导致下游生态与环境急剧退化。自 2 0 0 0年以来 ,实施的从开都河—博斯腾湖向下游绿色走廊应急输水 ,已使下游生态环境开始恢复生机。     

缙云山典型林分森林土壤持水与入渗特性

该文根据2004年8月的实测数据,对三峡库区重庆缙云山4种典型林分（马尾松阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林、楠竹林和常绿阔叶灌丛）森林土壤的持水和入渗特性进行研究.结果表明,4种典型林分森林土壤的非毛管持水量是农地的1.5～2倍;除楠竹林外,各林分土壤的有效蓄水容量为农地的1.1～1.9倍;各林分土壤持水量为:常绿阔叶灌丛（454.1 mm）马尾松阔叶混交林（327.6 mm）常绿阔叶林（292.5 mm）楠竹林（218.9 mm）; 4种典型林分森林土壤稳渗率的顺序为:常绿阔叶灌丛（10.169 mm/min）楠竹林（0.927 mm/min）马尾松阔叶混交林（0.743 mm/min）常绿阔叶林（0.551 mm/min）农地（0.253 mm/min）; 从土壤持水性能和入渗性能来看,常绿阔叶灌丛的水源涵养和理水调洪功能远好于其他林分土壤,而马尾松阔叶混交林优于常绿阔叶林,楠竹林较差.      

潮河上游土地利用/覆被变化对年径流影响模拟

该文以北京潮河密云水库上游流域为研究对象,分析了1961—2000年期间降雨、径流以及土地利用和覆被变化情况,利用一个集总式的水文模型(IHACRES模型)模拟土地利用和覆被变化对年径流的影响。结果表明,40年来,潮河上游流域降雨--径流的演变过程可划分为3个阶段:1961—1978年(第一阶段)、1979—1993年(第二阶段)、1994—2000年(第三阶段)。相对第1阶段而言,第2和第3阶段流域降雨的产流能力总体上呈减少趋势。20世纪80年代末以来,流域内土地利用和覆被变化比较明显,主要变化趋势是林地面积持续增加,耕地、草地及未利用土地向林地的转换构成了土地覆被变化的主导过程,成为影响流域年径流的主要因子。第2阶段,耕地和林地的面积分别增长了7.47%和7.78%,流域内水库和塘坝等水利设施的修建及大规模利用也发生在这一阶段;第3阶段,土地利用和覆被变化主要表现为林地面积的大幅度增加(11.81%)。利用IHACRES模型模拟了第2和第3阶段的"基准年径流",通过对比实测年径流和基准年径流的差异,得出了土地利用和覆被变化减少了流域年径流的结论。其中第2阶段土地利用和覆被变化的影响程度为27.76%,第3阶段为26.15%。